While the term ‘addiction’ typically refers to substances or behaviors that lead to negative consequences, it’s possible to also develop a strong dependence on endorphins and other natural chemicals released during exercise, the so-called ‘runner’s high’.
Endorphin hormones are created in the human brain, attaching to reward centres (opioid receptors) and carrying positive signals right across the nervous system. They act as painkillers and mood elevators.
Exercise is a classic trigger, along with activities like eating, having sex, having a massage or playing games.
In some cases, people can become psychologically dependent on the feelings of euphoria and well-being that endorphins provide. This can lead to an obsession with exercise.
Addiction in this context is not necessarily a bad thing – a healthy attachment to exercise contributes positively to life, but if taken to extremes, exercise addiction can lead to over-training, injury, or neglect of other important aspects of life.
What to look out for
- Feeling a compulsion to exercise and becoming anxious or irritable if unable to do so.
- Exercising despite injury or illness.
- Prioritising exercise over social, work, or family obligations.
- Needing to increase exercise duration or intensity to achieve the same ‘high’.
- In some cases, exercise addiction can be linked to underlying issues such as body image disorders, eating disorders, or other forms of psychological distress.
Like anything else, maintaining a balanced approach to exercise is crucial.
Other DIY happy drugs
Running, swimming or cycling boosts the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. Higher serotonin levels are linked to reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Regular exercise also increases the production of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter and hormone that helps manage stress and enhances attention, perception, and motivation.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that supports the growth and survival of neurons. BDNF is crucial for long-term memory, learning, and cognitive function. Physical activity promotes the release of BDNF.
Sometimes called the ‘bliss molecule’, anandamide is an endocannabinoid which is elevated during and after exercise. Anandamide binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain, contributing to feelings of happiness and well-being.
Exercise can enhance the production of GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has a calming effect on the brain. Increased GABA levels can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
During hard physical activity, the adrenal glands release adrenaline, which increases heart rate and energy levels. This response helps improve focus and alertness.
The bottom line
Contributing to humanity’s survival over thousands of years, these hormones and other substances all work together to improve mood, reduce stress, enhance cognitive function, and promote overall mental health, making regular exercise a powerful tool for maintaining psychological well-being.
While you can’t become addicted to endorphins or other natural brain drugs in the same way as substances like drugs or alcohol, a dependence on the feelings they produce through exercise can lead to an unhealthy obsession, if taken too far.
For the great majority of modern humans though, especially in Australia, not getting enough exercise is a much more serious issue.
