A leading Charles Sturt University political scientist argues that responding to life expectancy differentials between indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Australia, Canada and New Zealand is not simply a matter of clinical interventions but also a matter of ‘political will’. He says closing the life expectancy gap at least partly requires closing a gap in political power.
Professor in Political Science Dominic O’Sullivan is a member of the Charles Sturt Institute for Land, Water, and Society. In a recent speech to the International Medical Students’ Foundation he said life expectancy differentials between indigenous and non-indigenous populations prevail in post-settler societies like Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
‘In Canada the differential is around 10 years; marginally greater than Australia (eight to nine years) and New Zealand (approximately seven years), he said.
‘In Australia, the life expectancy differential is principally explained by the number of Indigenous people who die prematurely, but from causes that are preventable. For example, heart disease, suicide and diabetes,’ said Professor O’Sullivan.
‘The gap in life expectancy differential is a proxy measure for a gap in political power. This means that solutions to indigenous ill-health are concerns of moral and political philosophy as much as they are the concerns of clinical practice.’
More questions than answers
Professor O’Sullivan says political institutions are not always designed to give each person equal opportunity to participate and engage with other citizens as peers.
‘One needs to consider who makes decisions for whom and why? Are there barriers to making choices that are consistent with good health? Are there barriers to access to medicines, and access to nutritious diets? How well do education systems prepare people for access to the labour market, and access to wealth as a determinant of good health?’ he asks.
‘What kinds of political arrangements might, then, give people fair access to decision making authority?’
Professor O’Sullivan says justice is not simply about the fair distribution of resources, but the fair distribution of political authority. ‘What should it mean, practically, for an indigenous person to be a citizen of Australia, New Zealand, or Canada?’
Participation and recognition
Professor O’Sullivan says participation is important because culture counts in public decision-making processes.
‘New Zealand does these things better than Australia or Canada, and this is why the life expectancy differential is not as wide. But seven years is still a big difference, and the political explanations may be more powerful than the clinical,’ he said.
‘It remains as the former Māori Party co-leader and Associate Minister of Health put it in 2013: “Over the years, the findings have been conclusive. Māori receive fewer referrals and diagnostic tests, and less effective treatment plans from their doctors than do non-Māori patients…”
‘Māori are interviewed for less time and are offered far fewer opportunities for treatment. They are prescribed fewer secondary services such as physiotherapy, chiropractors and rehabilitation. And worst of all in too many cases Māori are either blamed for their plight or the professionals treat them in such a way as to presume they have a natural inclination towards the various illnesses.’
What about Australia?
In 2008, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Social Justice Commissioner argued that improving Indigenous health outcomes required:
- evidence-based policy development and evaluation.
- evaluation against established benchmarks.
- and co-ordination and cooperation among governments and indigenous engagement in the policy process.
Professor O’Sullivan suggests that in 2021, policy progress towards these ideals is starting, but is still not secure.
In 2020, the Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, acknowledged that exclusion was one of the things that explained sustained policy failure:
‘”Despite the best of intentions, investments in new programs, and bi-partisan goodwill, Closing the Gap has never really been a partnership with Indigenous people,” he said. “We perpetuated an ingrained way of thinking, passed down over two centuries and more, and it was the belief that we knew better than our Indigenous peoples. We don’t.”‘
Professor O’Sullivan argues that the philosophical shift from exclusion to inclusion is significant, but it’s not the same as the more far-reaching Māori leadership that is being thought about in New Zealand.
‘In New Zealand the Treaty of Waitangi’s inclusive presumptions influence health policy,’ he said. ‘The Treaty gave the British Crown the right to establish government. In return, Britain offered protection of Māori authority over their own affairs and natural resources, and the rights and privileges of British subjects.
‘The Treaty means that Māori do not contest the post-settler presence, but they do contest the Crown exercising a unilateral sovereign authority. In 2019, the Waitangi Tribunal found that despite clear intentions, the state fails to deliver good outcomes for Māori. It found that Māori primary health services were underfunded. It recommended that primary health care funding decisions should be made by an independent Māori Health Authority.’
From the fringe to the centre
Professor O’Sullivan said independent Māori decisions brought Māori people and values to the centre of the policy process. ‘It means that Māori people are not the subjects of state policy. They become its agents, exercising meaningful citizenship and the right to take responsibility for their own affairs,’ he said.
‘The potential is for a Māori primary health system explicitly focused on Māori needs. Māori decision makers would decide what needs to be done, how and by whom. The success of the authority hinges on how independent it will be, and its accountability to Māori people.
‘Critical Tiriti Analysis is a policy evaluation technique which I developed with Associate Professor Heather Came at the Auckland University of Technology and Professor Tim McCreanor at Massey University,’ said Professor O’Sullivan.
‘It suggests that the Māori Health Authority will be most likely to succeed if it can help to address these questions:
‘How will the health system ensure that Māori communities are involved in decision-making? How will the health system’s ways of working be informed and shaped by Māori worldviews? How will Māori-led decision making and leadership (which is a bigger aspiration than partnership) be put into practice? How will barriers to Māori advancement, such as institutional racism, be eliminated?
‘Given the history of health inequities, how will resources be distributed and prioritised to ensure equitable outcomes for Māori?’
Professor O’Sullivan says these questions presume inclusive political relationships: ‘Rather than the partnership or co-design that is common in Australia, they presume Māori leadership and independent decision-making, so that the gap in political power is closed.’
Can Australia learn from the NZ experience?
